(d)++Making+proteins

omplete Biology: pages 192-3 ( Section 11.3 ).

(14) What is a triplet? Triplets are "series of coded instruction" and they "correspond to a single amino acid in a protein." Each of these coded instructions is made of three of the four bases (G, T, A, and C) on a strand of DNA, as shown in the diagram below (Pickering 192). Diagram 1: Triplet codes (Pickering 192) (15) What does each triplet code for? As the information over states a triplet code is a sequence of three bases along a single strand of DNA. There are 4 bases in DNA (Guanine, adenine, cytosine, thymine) and 20 amino acids that are linked together to make various proteins (Pickering 192). The 4 bases can be arranged into 64 different triplet codes. Sixty-one (61) of these codes are matched up to one of the 20 amino acids. This is when a given amino acid can be specified by more than one triplet code. While the remaining three triplet codes act as stop signals and end the protein chain rather than adding an amino acids. Since the triplet codes are "read", the appropriate amino acid is added to the growing chain, the final result being a protein (determined by DNA information). The genetic code is universal in all cells.

Below is a video about triplet codes: media type="youtube" key="rW8NKvQQ8P4?version=3" height="360" width="640" (//Triplet Code//)

(16) Can DNA leave the nucleus? No, as the nucleus is made to not allow the DNA to leave. A single strand of DNA is known as RNA, when DNA is separated into RNA it is then easier to make copies as you can have multiple copies of RNA It can be seen as a single big molecule (17) Complete the following: The message on the DNA is copied onto **messenger RNA (mRNA).** Inside the **ribosome** the message on the mRNA is read and a **protein** is built. (Pickering section 11.3)
 * The mRNA ** leaves the nucleus and goes to a **ribosome**.

Below is a video that explains this process media type="youtube" key="D3fOXt4MrOM?version=3" height="360" width="640" //(From DNA to Protein)//

(18) Copy the diagram on the top half of page 193 (end of Section 11.3 )

There are 2 parts to the process of making a protein. The first part is called transcription and the second part is called translation. During transcription stage, the DNA is copied “into another base sequence in the mRNA.” The mRNA then leaves the nucleus, into the ribosome (which is located in the cytoplasm of the cell). Then, the translation stage occurs. During this stage, the ribosome uses the coded information on the mRNA to build a protein (Pickering 193). The diagram below shows the two stages in this process.

Diagram 1: process of transcription and translation

(Pickering 193)

(19) How fast can this process occur? The translation stage occurs very quickly. For example, in bacteria ribosome can put together 20 amino acids per second to build a protein (Davis).

Davis, Alison. “Chapter 2: Cells 101: Business Basics.” //National Institute of Gerneral Medical Sciences//. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Oct. 2011. . //From DNA to Protein//. //You Tube//. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Oct. 2011. [].
 * Work Cited **

Pickering, Ron. //Complete Biology//. Oxford: OUP Oxford, 2009. Print.

//Triplet Code//. //You Tube//. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2011. [].

"Triplet Code." //The Student Room//. Web. 21 Oct. 2011. .